Treatment and management
General approach
Prompt recognition of the septic patient is critical, and early
localization along the sepsis spectrum of illness (sepsis, severe
sepsis, septic shock) helps to define the early goals of management.
A key distinction should be made between sepsis and
severe sepsis/septic shock (SS/SS), the latter of which are the
focus of the Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines. It is recommended
that patients with SS/SS undergo a protocol-driven
approach to treatment using quantitative resuscitation.8 This
is the concept of using explicit, predefined physiological or laboratory
resuscitation endpoints to guide management.20 Its
international recognition was sparked by a landmark study
by Rivers in 2001, which utilized a goal-directed approach to
therapy of SS/SS patients (early goal-directed therapy, EGDT)
and demonstrated a 16% absolute reduction in in-hospital
mortality (number needed to treat = 6.25).21 A 2008 metaanalysis
provided further support for the use of early and
quantitative resuscitation as it showed a survival benefit in heterogeneous
populations with sepsis.22 Of note, however, the
ProCESS trial, a recent multicenter randomized trial of over
1300 patients demonstrated no mortality benefit with the use
of protocol-based resuscitation (such as EGDT) over ‘‘usual’’
Treatment and managementGeneral approachPrompt recognition of the septic patient is critical, and earlylocalization along the sepsis spectrum of illness (sepsis, severesepsis, septic shock) helps to define the early goals of management.A key distinction should be made between sepsis andsevere sepsis/septic shock (SS/SS), the latter of which are thefocus of the Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines. It is recommendedthat patients with SS/SS undergo a protocol-drivenapproach to treatment using quantitative resuscitation.8 Thisis the concept of using explicit, predefined physiological or laboratoryresuscitation endpoints to guide management.20 Itsinternational recognition was sparked by a landmark studyby Rivers in 2001, which utilized a goal-directed approach totherapy of SS/SS patients (early goal-directed therapy, EGDT)and demonstrated a 16% absolute reduction in in-hospitalmortality (number needed to treat = 6.25).21 A 2008 metaanalysisprovided further support for the use of early andquantitative resuscitation as it showed a survival benefit in heterogeneouspopulations with sepsis.22 Of note, however, theProCESS trial, a recent multicenter randomized trial of over1300 patients demonstrated no mortality benefit with the useof protocol-based resuscitation (such as EGDT) over ‘‘usual’’
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