IOSR Journal Of Pharmacy
(e)-ISSN: 2250-3013, (p)-ISSN: 2319-4219
www.iosrphr.org Volume 5, Issue 8 (August 2015), PP. 13-18
13
Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of clove mistletoe leaf extracts (Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq) Tiana Fitrilia1, Maria Bintang2, Mega Safithri3 1,2,3Department of Biochemistry, Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia Abstract : Clove mistletoe (Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq) is one of the semi-parasitic plants belonging to the Loranthaceae family. Clove mistletoe leaf extracts have many biological activities such as antibacterial, antioxidant and antidiabetes. The purpose of this study was to determine the content of secondary metabolites in clove mistletoe leaf extracts through phytochemical screening and determine its antioxidant activity through DPPH free radical scavenging. Samples were tested include water and ethanol 70 % extracts, as well as n-hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol fractions. Phytochemical screening showed that all samples containing tannins and flavonoids but no alkaloids. The highest total phenol contents was ethyl acetate fraction namely 358.4 mg GAE/ g. The best antioxidant activity was water extract, ethanol 70 % extract and ethyl acetate fraction. Therefore, clove mistletoe leaf extracts are potential source for antioxidant. Keywords – Antioxidant, clove mistletoe leaf, DPPH, phytochemical
I. INTRODUCTION
Mistletoe is semi-parasitic plants widely spread in Indonesia. Usually people recognize mistletoe based on host plant where it lives. Its spread occurs through seed-eating birds. Beside is known as destroyer of host plants, it also is known has ability as medicinal plants [1] such as cough medicine, diabetes, hypertension, cancer, ulcers and skin infection [2-3]. One kind of mistletoe is not widely known yet biological activity is clove mistletoe (Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq). This plant is included into Loranthaceae family, i.e. semi-parasitic plants bound the branches of their hosts via a sucker called haustorium [4]. Previous study showed that clove mistletoe phenol extract in roots, stems, leaves and flowers contain phenol compound that act as antioxidant agent [5]. Antioxidant is substance that can inhibit oxidation process by pressing the cell damage caused by free radical oxidation. Free radical is unstable because it has unpaired electron and usually look for pairs of electrons in biological macromolecules [6]. Presence of free radicals in the body can lead to various degenerative diseases such as cancer, diabetes and heart [7-8]. Using of the natural antioxidants in free radicals scavenging have also some advantages as the examples are being obtained easily, economically and have slight or no side effects [9]. One of the method to determine antioxidant activity from natural substance extract is DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-pycrilhydrazyl) method [9-11]. DPPH is stable free radical in room temperature and the result reaction with antioxidant involves a colour change from violet to yellow [9]. In this study, clove mistletoe leaf was extracted with different solvent that used to evaluate secondary metabolite compound through phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity through DPPH free radical scavenging.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Plant Materials Fresh leaf of Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq was collected from Curup, Bengkulu Province, Indonesia. Taxonomic authentication of the sample was conducted by a botanist in the Herbarium Bogoriense, Research Centre for Biology-Indonesia Institut of Sciences, Bogor, Indonesia. 2.2 Extraction and Fractination Extractions were conducted by boiling and maceration. Comparison of the clove mistletoe leaf powder with solvent is 1:10. Boiling was conducted by boil the leaf powder into the water solvent for 2 hours while maceration by it immersing into ethanol 70 % for 24 hours with a shaker in speed of 150 rpm. The mixture was separated and evaporated using an evaporator to obtain water and ethanol extracts. The ethanol extract further fractionated with a solvent which has a different polarity, i.e. n-hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol. The test samples in this study consist of water and ethanol extracts as well as n-hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol fractions.