In the following sections, each production category is taken in turn and information outlined in three sub-sections relating to: the benefits of production; the domestication and movement of germplasm; and the conservation issues associated with harvesting, management and/or cultivation to ensure sustainable use and benefits. Where possible, we focus on genetic resource management issues and highlight where ‘conventional wisdom’ on tree resource use, management and value needs to be challenged in order for pathways to more sustainable, resilient management systems to be developed.