The active generator has to provide the real-time powerreference (pAG_ref (t)), which is the sum of the secondarypower reference (PAG_ref0) with the primary power reference(ΔPAG_ref (t)).
In the active generator of the prosumer, batteries are usedto provide the guaranteed energy to the microgrid operator.The real-time power balancing must be implemented by apower buffer with fast dynamic capabilities. Ultracapacitorsare fast dynamic storage systems with high power exchangecapabilities. They are suitable for the optimal charging of the
battery and for supplying peak power to the grid if necessary,
but their energy density is low.
The real-time power balancing depends on the availability of
the ultracapacitors. They can be checked if the sensed value of
the ultracapacitor voltage (_uuc) is in the security domain, i.e.,
between a minimum value (uuc_min) and a maximum value
(uuc_max) (see Fig. 14). In this “storage mode,” ultracapacitors
can be used to increase or decrease the exchanged power
with the grid in order to represent a faithful real-time power
reference(pAG_ref (t)).
If ultracapacitors are overloaded (_uuc > uuc_max), excess
PV power cannot be stored in them, so the produced PV power
must be limited to satisfy the real-time power reference. This
mode is called the “PV limitation mode.”
The active generator has to provide the real-time powerreference (pAG_ref (t)), which is the sum of the secondarypower reference (PAG_ref0) with the primary power reference(ΔPAG_ref (t)).
In the active generator of the prosumer, batteries are usedto provide the guaranteed energy to the microgrid operator.The real-time power balancing must be implemented by apower buffer with fast dynamic capabilities. Ultracapacitorsare fast dynamic storage systems with high power exchangecapabilities. They are suitable for the optimal charging of the
battery and for supplying peak power to the grid if necessary,
but their energy density is low.
The real-time power balancing depends on the availability of
the ultracapacitors. They can be checked if the sensed value of
the ultracapacitor voltage (_uuc) is in the security domain, i.e.,
between a minimum value (uuc_min) and a maximum value
(uuc_max) (see Fig. 14). In this “storage mode,” ultracapacitors
can be used to increase or decrease the exchanged power
with the grid in order to represent a faithful real-time power
reference(pAG_ref (t)).
If ultracapacitors are overloaded (_uuc > uuc_max), excess
PV power cannot be stored in them, so the produced PV power
must be limited to satisfy the real-time power reference. This
mode is called the “PV limitation mode.”
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