a. Survey requirements depend in some degree upon whether the waterways are to be crossed by a new
line, or whether the replacement of an existing waterway structure is involved.
b. For the crossing of a new line the survey requirements are extensive and general in nature, involving the
determination of the drainage area and its shape; the stream and slope profile; soil, vegetation and
climatic characteristics; as well as topographical details in the vicinity of the most probable point of
crossing.
c. For the replacement of an existing waterway structure the survey requirements may be the same as
those for a new line, but in many cases the required waterway area will likely be determined from past
performance of the stream at the structure to be replaced. Observation may have indicated that a change
in size, shape or location of the waterway structure may be desirable. Maintenance of railroad operation
during construction and how well the existing structure fits into the local topography may control the
design of the new structure. All such facts should be considered in determining survey requirements.
d. Consideration should always be given to probable future changes in conditions above and below the point
of crossing which would in any way affect the performance of the stream – for example, channel
improvements and the construction or removal of dams or revetments. Also, a search should be made for
future subdivision or commercial development plans.
e. For small culverts or replacements some of the data listed here may be unnecessary and some will have
been predetermined, but all of the following items should be considered in order that survey notes may
include all the information necessary for the design of the most suitable structure: