Greenstein originally (1954) noted that children with television in the home had higher grade
point averages than their counterparts without television in the home, a phenomenon most likely
related to socio-economic status. More recent research addressing the relationship between
television viewing and achievement has yielded contradictory findings. For example in small-
scale studies controlling for IQ, SES and parental education, no relationship has been found
between viewing and achievement (Ritchie, Price, and Roberts, 1997). However, secondary
analyses using large-scale data sets have demonstrated that for adolescents, television viewing