statistical correlation of the cognitive process and BOLD or EEGsignal change could be detected. This allows precise under-standing of the neural computation of the cognitive process,which goes beyond mere ‘activation’ or ‘response’ of brain areasreported by traditional neuroimaging and electrophysiologicalstudies (O’Doherty et al., 2007). Further, the combined model-based fMRI-EEG allows more advanced simultaneous analysisof spatio-temporal dynamics of the computation (Larsen andO’Doherty, 2014).