Ultrasonic Time-Domain Reflectometry (UTDR): as an in situ, non-invasive real-time
technique has been successfully used to quantify membrane fouling and cleaning. This
ultrasonic technique is useful for quantitative study of the effect of magnetic fields on
CaCO3 scale deposition on the membrane surface during cross-flow nanofiltration (NF)
and also in ultrafiltration (UF) membranes (Li et al., 2002). These results have been
corroborated by comparing this technique with SEM and flux decline data also