1.Mapping - Transcription and interpretation of physical features observed on aerial photographs.
2.Mast (Tower, Pole) - Telescopic mast. A convenient method of elevating a camera to take 'low-altitude' aerial photographs. A series of aluminium sections of different diametres, which, when retracted, are stored within each other. When the mast is extended (by compressed air), the camera can be elevated to about 20 - 25 metres (65 - 80 feet) or even higher, where it is operated remotely. The higher masts are usually installed semi-permanently on a 4 x 4 or other suitable vehicle or sometimes mounted on trailers. Shorter masts can be hand-carried and stabilised with a tripod.
3.Matte - A non-reflective, non-textured surface (often referring to photographic paper). Also an American term for a cardboard mount that surrounds a photograph before it is framed.
4.MB - Megabyte. A measurement of storage data equal to 1,024 kilobytes (KB).
5.Mean Noon Sunlight - Most daylight colour films are balanced at an arbitrary, but generally accepted, colour temperature of 5,400K (degrees Kelvin), supposedly being the average colour temperature of direct sunlight at midday in Washington DC - 'Mean Noon Sunlight'.
6.Media - Material that information/data is written to and stored on. Digital photography storage media includes CompactFlash cards and CDs etc. Also can refer to the newspapers and television news.
7.Medium format - The format (size) of 6 x 6 cm (or 6 x 4.5 cm) roll film. Also called Professional format, being larger than 35 mm wide (3.5 cm), the format used by most amateur photographers still using film.
8.Medium range forecast - A weather forecast for 3 - 10 days ahead.
9.Megabyte - Just over one million bytes (1,048,576 bytes).
10.Megapixel - A CCD chip containing one million pixels. Professional aerial and other photographers tend to use digital cameras with at least a 12 megapixel chips to achieve high quality images and these are increasing in size all the time.
11.Memory - Can either be referring to the memory of a camera's storage chip (removable media), for recording the digital images on, or the computer's memory (either the hard disk or RAM).
12.Metadata - Information about information. In this context, it is the information about a digital image which is stored within the image file when shot on professional digital cameras. A great deal of data (eg exposure data and the time/date the image was shot) is automatically stored when the image is taken. Other data can be added by the photographer afterwards (eg copyright ownership and the name and description of the image etc). This can be read by certain software (eg Photoshop) and is important that image users are aware of this.
13.Midtone area - An area on an image that contains 'average' colour and tonal values.
14.Millibar - A metric unit of air pressure equal to 1 hectapascal.
15.Mist - A horizontal visibility of more than 200 metres but less than 6 miles. Caused by water droplets in suspension in the atmosphere.
16.Mode - The programmed operating function of automatic cameras etc (eg aperture priority mode or manual mode).
17.Modem - Devise for facilitating computers to communicate using telephone lines.
18.Monochrome - Single coloured. Usually applied to black and white photographs.
19.Montage - Composite picture made from a number of photographs.
20.Moral rights - Moral rights which remain with the author of a photograph, irrespective of what happens to the copyright (eg even if the author sells his copyright). This aspect was introduced in the Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 and applies to all photographs protected by copyright (See Copyright law). Moral rights cannot be assigned, in the way copyright can be assigned, and include a number of different and specific rights. One particular moral right (Paternity right) nearly always asserted by photographers is that the author has a reasonably prominent printed credit and acknowledgement whenever his images are commercially published or displayed in any form, including electronically on the Internet.
21.Motor-drive - Power-driven, often externally fitted, film wind-on mechanism allowing a photographer to shoot multiple images at high speed (eg 6 frames per second), with a single press of the shutter button. 'Continuous shooting' modes are available with a built-in form of motor-drive.
22.Multimedia - Any combination of sound, graphics, text, still or video images.
23.Nadar - Name adopted by the first known 'aerial photographer', Gaspard-Felix Tournachon (1820-1910), who took his first photograph from a captive balloon near Paris in 1858.
24.NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Agency (American).
25.Nautical mile - a distance of 1,852 metres. I nautical mile per hour equals I knot.
26.Near vertical - (see also Vertical). An image taken almost vertically above the subject, but not that accurately and with the special equipment needed to qualify as a 'true vertical' for scaling and mapping purposes.
27.Near-Infrared - That part of the electromagnetic spectrum between 700 - 1200 nanometres.
28.Negative - The material image produced on a photographic emulsion, after exposure to light and processing, in which the tones of light and dark and all the colours are reversed to that of the original subject.
29.Newton's rings - Rings of coloured light produced when two glass or transparent surfaces are in partial contact. Often observed in transparency (slide) glass mounts.
30.NiCad (Ni-Cd) - Nickle Cadmium battery (Rechargeable). Have a disadvantage of a 'memory effect', which led them to believe they were full when recharged after only partial use.
31.Niepce, Joseph Niecephore - Frenchman (1765 - 1833) widely credited as the inventor of photography, being the first person to have created a 'permanent' image made directly by the action of light (a faint image on bituminized pewter plate in a camera obscura, following an eight hour exposure). His first picture (heliograph) was probably taken in 1822 - 1824, but was not until many years later that the 'invention' of photography was made public. It was, however, Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre who is acknowledged as the first person to develop a more practical process (Daguerreotype), announced in 1839.
32.Nikon - A leading camera, lens and photographic equipment manufacturer. Produces professional equipment used by many aerial photographers (eg Nikon D2X digital camera).
33.NiMH - Nickle Metal Halide battery (Rechargeable). Greater capacity than NiCads and do not have the unwanted 'memory effect'.
34.Noise - In digital photography, it is unwanted electrical interference causing degraded picture quality. Noticed mostly in low light conditions when the camera is set at a high ISO sensitivity.
35.Normal (Standard) Lens - Lens with a focal length equal to the diameter of the film (or digital CCD) format. It produces an image that appears to have a normal perspective and angle of view, comparable to the human eye. (For instance, on 35mm cameras, this is usually 50mm).
36.Oblique - An aerial photograph that is not aligned vertically to the ground surface (See Vertical). There are basically 2 types of obliques: A Low oblique is when the picture does not include the horizon (eg taken with the camera inclined about 30 degrees or so from the vertical). A High oblique is when the picture includes the horizon (eg the camera is inclined about 60 degrees or more from the vertical).
37.Operating system - The program that controls a computer system.
38.Ortho-rectified - The removal of distortions from an aerial photograph, that occur as a result of imperfect optical lenses and sensors, the tilt of the camera/aerial sensor (relative to the ground), and other aspects of capture methodology. If an image is not ortho-rectified, it is not possible to use it for mapping and take accurate scaled measurements from it.
39.OS - Ordnance Survey. Great Britain's national mapping agency. OS produces a large number of different scaled mapping information from these data, including the widely available Landranger map series (Scale 1:50 000, 2.0 cm to 1 km) and the Explorer series ( 1:25 000, 4 cm to 1 km). Many other variations of scaled mapping are available for professional use.
40.Pan and Tilt - The action of moving a camera horizontally and vertically.
41.Panchromatic film - Film that is sensitive to all the colours of the visible light spectrum.
42.Panning - A smooth rotation of a stills camera so as to keep a moving subject continuously in frame. A video camera pan is to capture a horizontal panoramic view. (Opposite direction to Tilt).
43.Panoramic camera - Camera with a special type of scanning lens that rotates (on its rear nodal point) and produces an image of the scanned area on a curved film.
44.PAPA - Professional Aerial Photographers Association.
45.PDF - Portable Document Format. A document standard produced by Adobe, used for e-mailing attachments in their original form.
46.Pentax - A camera manufacturer.
47.Perspective - The use of converging lines, differences in scale, or changes in tone with distance to give an impression of depth in pictures.
48.Photogrammetry - A mapping technique using a compilation of stereo images to produce accurate digital models and site plans. Following an aerial photographic survey of a site, digital images are downloaded to a computer where modelling software can produce the resultant model very rapidly.
49.Photograph (Image, Picture, Stock) library - A large collection of images (either owned by a photographer or an organisation), available for hire by anyone wanting to use or publish the image.
50.Photoshop - The industry-standard image processing and manipulation software.
51.Photosites - Groups of pixels within a digital camera's CCD that form the colour sensitive part of the image-capturing process.
52.Pixel - Picture element. The smallest element of a digital image. Also, the tiny poin
1.Mapping - Transcription and interpretation of physical features observed on aerial photographs.
2.Mast (Tower, Pole) - Telescopic mast. A convenient method of elevating a camera to take 'low-altitude' aerial photographs. A series of aluminium sections of different diametres, which, when retracted, are stored within each other. When the mast is extended (by compressed air), the camera can be elevated to about 20 - 25 metres (65 - 80 feet) or even higher, where it is operated remotely. The higher masts are usually installed semi-permanently on a 4 x 4 or other suitable vehicle or sometimes mounted on trailers. Shorter masts can be hand-carried and stabilised with a tripod.
3.Matte - A non-reflective, non-textured surface (often referring to photographic paper). Also an American term for a cardboard mount that surrounds a photograph before it is framed.
4.MB - Megabyte. A measurement of storage data equal to 1,024 kilobytes (KB).
5.Mean Noon Sunlight - Most daylight colour films are balanced at an arbitrary, but generally accepted, colour temperature of 5,400K (degrees Kelvin), supposedly being the average colour temperature of direct sunlight at midday in Washington DC - 'Mean Noon Sunlight'.
6.Media - Material that information/data is written to and stored on. Digital photography storage media includes CompactFlash cards and CDs etc. Also can refer to the newspapers and television news.
7.Medium format - The format (size) of 6 x 6 cm (or 6 x 4.5 cm) roll film. Also called Professional format, being larger than 35 mm wide (3.5 cm), the format used by most amateur photographers still using film.
8.Medium range forecast - A weather forecast for 3 - 10 days ahead.
9.Megabyte - Just over one million bytes (1,048,576 bytes).
10.Megapixel - A CCD chip containing one million pixels. Professional aerial and other photographers tend to use digital cameras with at least a 12 megapixel chips to achieve high quality images and these are increasing in size all the time.
11.Memory - Can either be referring to the memory of a camera's storage chip (removable media), for recording the digital images on, or the computer's memory (either the hard disk or RAM).
12.Metadata - Information about information. In this context, it is the information about a digital image which is stored within the image file when shot on professional digital cameras. A great deal of data (eg exposure data and the time/date the image was shot) is automatically stored when the image is taken. Other data can be added by the photographer afterwards (eg copyright ownership and the name and description of the image etc). This can be read by certain software (eg Photoshop) and is important that image users are aware of this.
13.Midtone area - An area on an image that contains 'average' colour and tonal values.
14.Millibar - A metric unit of air pressure equal to 1 hectapascal.
15.Mist - A horizontal visibility of more than 200 metres but less than 6 miles. Caused by water droplets in suspension in the atmosphere.
16.Mode - The programmed operating function of automatic cameras etc (eg aperture priority mode or manual mode).
17.Modem - Devise for facilitating computers to communicate using telephone lines.
18.Monochrome - Single coloured. Usually applied to black and white photographs.
19.Montage - Composite picture made from a number of photographs.
20.Moral rights - Moral rights which remain with the author of a photograph, irrespective of what happens to the copyright (eg even if the author sells his copyright). This aspect was introduced in the Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 and applies to all photographs protected by copyright (See Copyright law). Moral rights cannot be assigned, in the way copyright can be assigned, and include a number of different and specific rights. One particular moral right (Paternity right) nearly always asserted by photographers is that the author has a reasonably prominent printed credit and acknowledgement whenever his images are commercially published or displayed in any form, including electronically on the Internet.
21.Motor-drive - Power-driven, often externally fitted, film wind-on mechanism allowing a photographer to shoot multiple images at high speed (eg 6 frames per second), with a single press of the shutter button. 'Continuous shooting' modes are available with a built-in form of motor-drive.
22.Multimedia - Any combination of sound, graphics, text, still or video images.
23.Nadar - Name adopted by the first known 'aerial photographer', Gaspard-Felix Tournachon (1820-1910), who took his first photograph from a captive balloon near Paris in 1858.
24.NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Agency (American).
25.Nautical mile - a distance of 1,852 metres. I nautical mile per hour equals I knot.
26.Near vertical - (see also Vertical). An image taken almost vertically above the subject, but not that accurately and with the special equipment needed to qualify as a 'true vertical' for scaling and mapping purposes.
27.Near-Infrared - That part of the electromagnetic spectrum between 700 - 1200 nanometres.
28.Negative - The material image produced on a photographic emulsion, after exposure to light and processing, in which the tones of light and dark and all the colours are reversed to that of the original subject.
29.Newton's rings - Rings of coloured light produced when two glass or transparent surfaces are in partial contact. Often observed in transparency (slide) glass mounts.
30.NiCad (Ni-Cd) - Nickle Cadmium battery (Rechargeable). Have a disadvantage of a 'memory effect', which led them to believe they were full when recharged after only partial use.
31.Niepce, Joseph Niecephore - Frenchman (1765 - 1833) widely credited as the inventor of photography, being the first person to have created a 'permanent' image made directly by the action of light (a faint image on bituminized pewter plate in a camera obscura, following an eight hour exposure). His first picture (heliograph) was probably taken in 1822 - 1824, but was not until many years later that the 'invention' of photography was made public. It was, however, Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre who is acknowledged as the first person to develop a more practical process (Daguerreotype), announced in 1839.
32.Nikon - A leading camera, lens and photographic equipment manufacturer. Produces professional equipment used by many aerial photographers (eg Nikon D2X digital camera).
33.NiMH - Nickle Metal Halide battery (Rechargeable). Greater capacity than NiCads and do not have the unwanted 'memory effect'.
34.Noise - In digital photography, it is unwanted electrical interference causing degraded picture quality. Noticed mostly in low light conditions when the camera is set at a high ISO sensitivity.
35.Normal (Standard) Lens - Lens with a focal length equal to the diameter of the film (or digital CCD) format. It produces an image that appears to have a normal perspective and angle of view, comparable to the human eye. (For instance, on 35mm cameras, this is usually 50mm).
36.Oblique - An aerial photograph that is not aligned vertically to the ground surface (See Vertical). There are basically 2 types of obliques: A Low oblique is when the picture does not include the horizon (eg taken with the camera inclined about 30 degrees or so from the vertical). A High oblique is when the picture includes the horizon (eg the camera is inclined about 60 degrees or more from the vertical).
37.Operating system - The program that controls a computer system.
38.Ortho-rectified - The removal of distortions from an aerial photograph, that occur as a result of imperfect optical lenses and sensors, the tilt of the camera/aerial sensor (relative to the ground), and other aspects of capture methodology. If an image is not ortho-rectified, it is not possible to use it for mapping and take accurate scaled measurements from it.
39.OS - Ordnance Survey. Great Britain's national mapping agency. OS produces a large number of different scaled mapping information from these data, including the widely available Landranger map series (Scale 1:50 000, 2.0 cm to 1 km) and the Explorer series ( 1:25 000, 4 cm to 1 km). Many other variations of scaled mapping are available for professional use.
40.Pan and Tilt - The action of moving a camera horizontally and vertically.
41.Panchromatic film - Film that is sensitive to all the colours of the visible light spectrum.
42.Panning - A smooth rotation of a stills camera so as to keep a moving subject continuously in frame. A video camera pan is to capture a horizontal panoramic view. (Opposite direction to Tilt).
43.Panoramic camera - Camera with a special type of scanning lens that rotates (on its rear nodal point) and produces an image of the scanned area on a curved film.
44.PAPA - Professional Aerial Photographers Association.
45.PDF - Portable Document Format. A document standard produced by Adobe, used for e-mailing attachments in their original form.
46.Pentax - A camera manufacturer.
47.Perspective - The use of converging lines, differences in scale, or changes in tone with distance to give an impression of depth in pictures.
48.Photogrammetry - A mapping technique using a compilation of stereo images to produce accurate digital models and site plans. Following an aerial photographic survey of a site, digital images are downloaded to a computer where modelling software can produce the resultant model very rapidly.
49.Photograph (Image, Picture, Stock) library - A large collection of images (either owned by a photographer or an organisation), available for hire by anyone wanting to use or publish the image.
50.Photoshop - The industry-standard image processing and manipulation software.
51.Photosites - Groups of pixels within a digital camera's CCD that form the colour sensitive part of the image-capturing process.
52.Pixel - Picture element. The smallest element of a digital image. Also, the tiny poin
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