It indicates that TC helps in protection of
not only DR, but other diabetic complications as well. Tumor
necrosis factor (TNF)-a and interleukin-1b (IL-1b) are the pleiotropic
cytokines implicated for early inflammatory changes seen in
the diabetic retina and are elevated in retinopathy (Limb et al.,
1996; Demircan et al., 2006; Kowluru and Odenbach, 2004). To
investigate these changes, we examined TNF-a and IL-1b expressions
in this study.