RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
PK and PDwere assessed after subcutaneous injection of NPH insulin 0.35 units/kg
at steady-state by pen either resuspended (R+, tipping of insulin pen 20 times) or
nonresuspended (pen maintained in fixed position either horizontally [R- horizontal]
or verticallywith tip up [R- up] or tip down [R- down]). Eleven subjects with type 1 diabetes
(age 31.5612 years, diabetes duration 17.567.7 years, BMI 22.961.5 kg/m2,
A1C 7.2 6 0.4% [55.2 6 4.4 mmol/mol]) were studied (euglycemic clamp) with a
randomized crossover design.