presents information on indicators for certain risk factors that are associated with increased
mortality and morbidity. These preventable risk factors include: unsafe water and lack of sanitation;
use of solid fuels in households; low birth weight; poor infant-feeding practices; childhood undernutrition
and overnutrition; diabetes; hypertension; obesity; harmful consumption of alcohol; use of
tobacco; and unsafe sex.
Unsafe water supplies and inadequate levels of sanitation and hygiene increase the transmission of
diarrhoeal diseases (including cholera); trachoma; and hepatitis. The use of solid fuels in households
is a proxy indicator for household air pollution. Using solid fuels such as wood, charcoal and crops
is associated with increased mortality from pneumonia and other acute lower respiratory diseases
among children, as well as increased mortality from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung
cancer (where coal is used) and other diseases among adults.
More than one in 10 babies are born preterm (born alive before 37 weeks of pregnancy) and one
million die from the complications of such births each year. More than three quarters of premature
babies can be saved with feasible and cost-effective care.
Child growth is the most widely used measure of children’s nutritional status. Included in the estimates
presented in Table 5 are the four indicators: “wasted”; “stunted”; “underweight” (which is an MDG
indicator); and “overweight”. Stunting (i.e. low height-for-age) reflects the cumulative effects of undernutrition
and infections since birth – and even before birth. Evidence of this condition indicates chronic
malnutrition, which is likely to have serious and long-lasting impacts on health. Being underweight
may reflect wasting (i.e. low weight-for-height) which indicates acute weight loss and/or stunting.
Thus, it is a composite indicator that is more difficult to interpret. Fewer data are available on the
number of overweight children, although it is known that many countries face a double burden of
malnutrition (with high numbers of underweight or stunted children) in some population groups
coupled with high numbers of overweight children in other groups.
In adults, diabetes, hypertension and being overweight or obese increase the risk of cardiovascular
disease and several types of cancer. These risks also contribute to non-fatal diseases such as arthritis
and loss of vision due to diabetic retinopathy. Once considered a problem only in high-income
countries, obesity is on the rise in low- and middle-income countries. The prevalence of hypertension
is highest in some low-income countries, whereas public health interventions have reduced its
prevalence in many high-income countries.
The prevalence of current tobacco smoking is an important predictor of the future burden of tobaccorelated
diseases. Harmful use of alcohol can cause alcohol dependence, hepatic cirrhosis, cancer
and injuries.
Data on risk factors and health-related behaviours are generally drawn from household surveys. It
is important to note that the reliability of these estimates depends upon the overall quality of the
sampling frames and methods used; on interviewer training, data-quality assurance procedures,
presents information on indicators for certain risk factors that are associated with increased
mortality and morbidity. These preventable risk factors include: unsafe water and lack of sanitation;
use of solid fuels in households; low birth weight; poor infant-feeding practices; childhood undernutrition
and overnutrition; diabetes; hypertension; obesity; harmful consumption of alcohol; use of
tobacco; and unsafe sex.
Unsafe water supplies and inadequate levels of sanitation and hygiene increase the transmission of
diarrhoeal diseases (including cholera); trachoma; and hepatitis. The use of solid fuels in households
is a proxy indicator for household air pollution. Using solid fuels such as wood, charcoal and crops
is associated with increased mortality from pneumonia and other acute lower respiratory diseases
among children, as well as increased mortality from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung
cancer (where coal is used) and other diseases among adults.
More than one in 10 babies are born preterm (born alive before 37 weeks of pregnancy) and one
million die from the complications of such births each year. More than three quarters of premature
babies can be saved with feasible and cost-effective care.
Child growth is the most widely used measure of children’s nutritional status. Included in the estimates
presented in Table 5 are the four indicators: “wasted”; “stunted”; “underweight” (which is an MDG
indicator); and “overweight”. Stunting (i.e. low height-for-age) reflects the cumulative effects of undernutrition
and infections since birth – and even before birth. Evidence of this condition indicates chronic
malnutrition, which is likely to have serious and long-lasting impacts on health. Being underweight
may reflect wasting (i.e. low weight-for-height) which indicates acute weight loss and/or stunting.
Thus, it is a composite indicator that is more difficult to interpret. Fewer data are available on the
number of overweight children, although it is known that many countries face a double burden of
malnutrition (with high numbers of underweight or stunted children) in some population groups
coupled with high numbers of overweight children in other groups.
In adults, diabetes, hypertension and being overweight or obese increase the risk of cardiovascular
disease and several types of cancer. These risks also contribute to non-fatal diseases such as arthritis
and loss of vision due to diabetic retinopathy. Once considered a problem only in high-income
countries, obesity is on the rise in low- and middle-income countries. The prevalence of hypertension
is highest in some low-income countries, whereas public health interventions have reduced its
prevalence in many high-income countries.
The prevalence of current tobacco smoking is an important predictor of the future burden of tobaccorelated
diseases. Harmful use of alcohol can cause alcohol dependence, hepatic cirrhosis, cancer
and injuries.
Data on risk factors and health-related behaviours are generally drawn from household surveys. It
is important to note that the reliability of these estimates depends upon the overall quality of the
sampling frames and methods used; on interviewer training, data-quality assurance procedures,
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