The ingredients were weighed out and allowed to reach a
temperature of approximately 20 C. The liquid egg and milk were
placed in a Hobart N50 mixer (Hobart Manufacturing Company
Ltd., London, UK). The enzyme powder with the flour and the other
dry ingredients were blended, sieved and added into the mixer.
Finally, the oil was placed on the top, and the mixing was performed
with a whipping accessory at speed 1 (60 rpm) for 30 s,
followed by 60 s at speed 2 (124 rpm) and continued at speed 3
(255 rpm) for 180 s. A number of measurements were conducted on
the batters, including relative density, batter rheology, and differential
scanning calorimetry analyses. Two replicates of the same
formulation were prepared on different days.