The problem of water shortage affec

The problem of water shortage affects not only human and industrial activities but also an adequate and sustainable food production.Water quality in agriculture does not have the same requirements as that of drinkingwater and also properly treated wastewaters can be used for irrigation. The twopossible alternative sources ofwater for
agriculture are: desalinatedwater andwastewater. In this paper membrane operations usually utilized forwater
production in agriculture are discussed. Their main advantages are: (i) their mutual compatibility which offers
the possibility of combining different membrane operations to achieve the desired water qualities and (ii)
their flexibility and easy scale-upwhich allowpassing fromsmall to large scale, fromcentralized to decentralized
systems. Themembrane technologymostly used in desalination is reverse osmosis (RO)whereasmembrane bioreactors
(MBRs) dealwith fresh water reclamation fromwastewater streams. Novel membrane technologies are
described, such as forward osmosis (FO) and membrane distillation (MD), a promising prospect for agricultural
water production, and the possible recovery of nutrients from saline waters and wastewaters. Nevertheless, the
development of some novel technologies needs to be accelerated to reduce the costs associated with treatment
and to avoid further impacts of water scarcity on food production.

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