Tarone (1977).
She examined the CSs used in the speech production of adult learners of English. Her
study attempted to examine CSs of speech production in more detail by employing the
terminological framework developed in Tarone, Cohen and Dumas (1976:194). She
proposed five basic CSs: avoidance, paraphrase, conscious transfer, appeal for
assistance and mime (p.197). She also provided a definition and characteristics of CSs
as “Conscious communication strategies are used by an individual to overcome the
crisis which occurs when language structures are inadequate to convey the individual’s
thought” (p.195). Tarone’s framework has been considered the most important and
influential in the literature and subsequent studies of CS. It has been used for defining
and classifying CSs found in the speech of second language learners.