Sadler-Smith & Lean, 2004). Indeed, Lloyd (2002) described the on-the-job instruction as an informal system
of training where workers learnt by ‘doing’ and were ‘shown how the work should be done’ by other
employees. This was criticised by Heraty & Morley (2000) as ineffective since they were usually unplanned,
unsystematic, informal and difficult to evaluate but they were recognised for providing a natural learning
environment to employees and thereby can facilitate the transfer of learning.