Starting in 700–600 B.C. Greece found colonies in Sicily and Italy but also expanded into Thrace, the Hellespont, and Bosporus along the Black Sea, and North Africa. During the 600s B.C., the Greeks moved farther into the western Mediterranean. However, the cultural and biological effects of Greek colonialism in the Mediterranean basin remain largely unexplored. This research examines the complex interplay between Mediterranean populations during an important transitional period in history, the development and expansion of the Classical Greek city-state.