They emphasized
leadership differences in concern for people versus concern
for production. In the 1960s the contingency school was
developed, which was concerned with the appropriateness
of different leadership styles in different leadership situations
by matching the personal characteristics of a leader
to the leadership situation. Representative for this school
is, for example Robbins’ (1997) with the four styles of
directive, supportive, participative and achievement oriented
leadership, contingent on the personality of the person
being led and the situational ambiguity. The visionary
and charismatic school came in the 1980s, developed with
a focus on organizational change. Representative of that
school is the distinction between transformational and
transactional leadership styles (Bass 1990).