Thermal processing decreased the antioxidant activity of GSE
additive in bread. However, using GSE as an additive could greatly
enhance the total antioxidant capacity of bread, and at the same
time, decrease the level of CML. Our results also demonstrated that
with appropriate levels of addition, GSE could lead to a favourable
change in the colour of bread without causing significant changes
in other sensory properties. Altogether, GSE-fortified bread is
promising to be developed as a functional food with relatively lower
CML-associated health risks, yet a stronger antioxidant activity.