The culture
metaphor draws attention to the symbolic aspects of organizational
life, and the way in which language, rituals, stories,
myths, etc., embody networks of subjective meaning which
are crucial for understanding how organizational realities are
created and sustained (Turner, 1 971; Pondy and Mitroff,
1979). The metaphor of a political system focuses attention
upon the conflicts of interest and role of power in organizations
(Crozier, 1964; Pettigrew, 1973; Pfeffer and Salancik,
1978).