Defects affecting different ultrastructural
modules of cilia
Cilia have a modular organization at the ultrastructural level
( Fig. 1 ), and the individual structural modules (for example,
central pair, dynein arms, and radial spokes) are involved in different
functions. For instance, the dynein arms or radial spokes
are needed for motile but not for sensory functions, whereas ciliary
membrane channels may be required for sensing but not for