Results and Discussion
In this study, we consider Z2 (Fig. 1(a)) as two parameters in parallel (Fig. 1(b)), i.e. diode resistance
(R2) and diode capacitance (C2). Under dark condition, looking at an output port, we can model the
photovoltaic impedance (ZPV) as consisting of a resistive and a reactive component in series in the form of
RPV + jXPV. At each bias voltage (V) and signal frequency (ω), the impedance can be expressed as
equation (1).