Background: Reconstruction and Jim Crow (1865-1964)
American Civil War (1861-1865): Northern free states vs. Southern slave states.
Free does not mean no racism.
Industrialized North vs. Agricultural South.
Emancipation Proclamation (1863) and 13th Amendment to the Constitution (1865) abolish slavery.
After defeat of South, U.S. Army placed in southern states to protect reconstruction.