The subjects were classified as beginning to advanced students according to the TOEIC (Test of English for International Communication). whose scores ranged from 80 to 845. They comprised freshmen. sophomores. juniors. and seniors. majoring in either humanities and social sciences or natural sciences. engineering. and medicine. These students consisted of male and female and ranged in age from 19 to 29 with an average age of. Since the subjects had studied English at least 6 years, they were assumed to have enough English proficiency to take the TOEIC and use specific listening strategies to facilitate their listening ability.