If perceived self-efficacy is high, the outcome expectation is also high and the individual’s likelihood of doing it is high. In order to increase outcome expectancy, individuals should set a goal and conduct self-monitoring.
Bandura delineates four ways that self-efficacy belief can be changed in relation to health behaviors. Individuals develop their self-efficacy by interpreting information, primarily, through: enactive mastery experiences, vicarious experiences or modeling, verbal persuasion, and physiological and affective states.
Previous studies on health promotion in adolescents, using Pender’s HPM and social cognitive theory, have revealed that perceived benefits, perceived barriers, interpersonal influences (social support, social norms, and modeling) and perceived self-efficacy have an influence on physical activity. Of these, self-efficacy is the strongest predictor of physical activity among adolescents.Empirical evidence has shown that children and adolescents, who enjoy physical activity, are more likely to participate in physical activity.Thai children and adolescents have reported their reasons for participating in physical activity are having to comply with the required physical education lessons and for enjoyment.
Empirical evidence regarding physical activity intervention with adolescent girls came from studies that employed different physical activity intervention programs. Results have shown that in one intervention study, conducted with girls and women, using the DAMET (Daughters and Mothers Exercising Together) Project and based on social cognitive theory (perceived self-efficacy), the subjects’ physical activity increased significantly after attending the program.In another study, the Active Winners Program was implemented, using social cognitive theory and Pender’s HPM in a community-based intervention, among students in grade five who were followed to grade seven. According to the study’s