and was piloted with ten hemodications-management behavior. The instrument for measuring self-management was designed based on earlier research.It was developed in close collaboration with hemodialysis teams,especially hemodialysis specialist nurses,and was piloted with ten hemodialysis patients.The instrument consisted of 23 items,covering fluid,diet,and medication management. There are five response alternatives ranging from "never" to "all the time",with higher scores indicating better management behavior.Self-management score ranged from 23 to 115.It was classified into three equal levels,namely high,moderate,and low,as shown in Table4.