The issue of the specificity of depression scales (as, indeed, of anxiety scales) is a perennial one. Both may identify general psychological distress rather than depression per se. Thus, in a study of primary care patients, the CES-D scores correlated as highly with measures of anxiety as the anxiety scales correlated among themselves. The correlation with the Beck Anxiety Inventory was 0.68 (29, Table 1); this did not appear to be due merely to the co-occurrence of depression and anxiety. Correlations with other general distress scales are also high: correlations with Bradburn’s Affect Balance Scale ranged from 0.61 to 0.72; correlations with Langner’s 22-item scale ranged from 0.54 to 0.60, and those with the Lubin Depression Adjective Check Lists were from 0.51 to 0.70 (1, Table 6).