surrendering of popular control to spheres of administrative and economic expertise. Crucially, the suggestion here, as for theorists of the ‘third wave’ of democratization, is that the civil society we find within liberal democracy is broadly the civil society of our normative ideal-type. Yet surely this stance should cause alarm, given how effectively critique is marginalized when real and ideal are conflated, resulting in there being no place from which to argue outside the dominant paradigm. It is all the more necessary, therefore, to ask the question: Can civil society be more than this? Must it continue to act within the constraints set down by the state and the market under liberal democracy? Some rather different answers to this question from the liberal democratic one form the subject of the chapters to come.