Phylogenetic Analysis
Sequences were aligned visually and using Sequence
Editor software, and were analyzed using the computer
program Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony
4.0b2a (PAUP; Swofford, 2000). A heuristic search option
was used to construct trees for parsimony and
maximum-likelihood for the control region. An exhaustive
search was employed for the shorter cytochrome b
region. Gaps were treated first as uninformative characters
and then reanalyzed as new character states. To
prevent the large repeats in the control region from
biasing the results when insertion/deletions were included
as new character states, the entire repeat sequence
between 306 and 502 bp was removed. Trees
were rooted for the control region using sequence data
from the Odocoileinae subfamily (caribou, moose, and
white-tailed deer) and the Cervinae subfamily (sika
and white-lipped deer). Bootstraps were performed to a
total of 100 replicates, and transversional mutations
were weighted against transitional mutations to a
maximum of 15:1.