Although it is possible to use climate and environmental data to accurately predict F. hepatica exposure either averaged across regions (Ollerenshaw and Rowlands, 1959; McCann et al., 2010a; Bennema et al., 2011;), or when using statistically smoothed individual farm results (Claridge et al., 2012), when using raw results for individual herds the prediction becomes much less accurate (Bennema et al., 2011). This is likely to be due to a combination of localised variations in G. truncatula habitat and low spatial resolution of the climate and environmental variables.