The articulation of this "value-free' scientific position, as Waldo astutely noted, in actuality concealed a fully-fledged theory of government. He went on to argue that the orthodox insistence on a rigorous distinction between political values, on the one hand, and administrative facts on the other was simply untenable. Waldo's was one of the first volleys of the assault on the"politics- administration dichotomy" that continues to the present. The infamous dichotomy, however, is a symptom of a deeper dilemma, namely