Investment in publicly funded plant breeding and agronomic research is particularly critical, given that Myanmar’s farmers allocate the majority of planted area to self-pollinated crops such as rice and pulses for which the private sector seed companies have little incentive to invest. Vegetatively propagated crops such as betel leaf, dragon fruit and grafted fruit trees similarly require public support because of limited incentives for private research investment in commodities and technologies for which companies cannot recoup their research and development costs. Raising productivity in livestock and fisheries, likewise, requires collective action and public investment in the development and introduction new species, control of contagious diseases and regulation of fish spawning and license allocations.