One hundred and twenty female patients were admitted to the ICUs during the study period. Of these, 23 patients were excluded because of a pre- existing bacteriuria or a catheterization period of less than 2 days. Of the 97 remaining participants, the perineal care assignments were soap-and-water (n = 22), skin cleansing foam (n = 24), 10% povidone- iodine solution (n = 28), and normal saline (n = 23). Ethical approval for the study was given by the Hospital Institutional Review Board.