5. Discussions
5.1 Summary of Framework
First, it provides an institutional framework through groups and individuals at muti-levels can organize themselves and participate in the decision-making process. It helps the development of democratic values and skills among citizens. Effective subnational and local political institutions serve as mechanisms through which voices of the groups and individuals are communicated to national political, religious, social, and ethnic groups. This enhances the active participation of local citizens and, consequently, political legitimacy of the government and national integration.