Directive and Participative Leadership
Transformational leaders can be directive or participative, authoritarian or
democratic. Nelson Mandela is directive and transformational when he declares
“Forget the past”. He can be participative and transformational when he actively
supports and involves himself in open, multiracial consultations. He can be
directive and transactional when he promises blacks better housing in exchange
for their votes and is participative and transactional when he reaches mutual
agreements about sharing power with the white minority. The same leaders display
both transformational and transactional behaviour as well as mix direction
and participation.