Management of Intraoperative Fluids. The literature is insufficient
to assess the relationship between the monitoring
of intravascular volume and the occurrence of visual loss among
spine surgery patients (Category Devidence). Although the use of
large volumes of crystalloids may be associated with increased
intraoperative ocular pressure, periorbital edema, and doublevision
in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass,32 the
literature is insufficient to address these issues in spine surgery
patients (Category D evidence).