• Presentation Layer / User Interface Layer
– Web browsers, UI of mobile phones
– Model-view-controller (MVC) architecture
• Model
– Business-logic layer provides a high-level view of data and actions on
data
• View
– Presentation of data
– A single underlying model can have different views depending on the
specific software/device used to access the application.
• Controller
– receives events (user actions), executes actions on the model, and
returns a view to the user
– Data access layer
• Provides the interface between the business-logic layer and
the underlying database.