Table 13: Profiles for United States and Russia Compared with IFRS Favorable Profile
3G Country/ Individual Country Profile IFRS Favorable Profile
United States Professionalism
Optimism
Flexibility
Transparency
Professionalism
Optimism
Flexibility
Transparency
Russia Statutory control
Conservatism
Uniformity
Secrecy
Professionalism
Optimism
Flexibility
Transparency
The accounting value profiles of the United States and Russia are completely opposite from one another,
with the profile of the former being identical with the IFRS-favorable profile and that of the latter being the
complete opposite. The profiles for the 3Gs include examples of Russia’s profile and intermediate combinations of
values. India’s profile comes closest to that of the United States and the IFRS-favorable profile, with some degree
of greater proximity to the IFRS profile on all four of the Gray accounting values.
V. DISCUSSION
Gray Dimensions and the 3G countries
The profiles of Gray accounting value dimensions derived for the 3Gs suggest certain groupings of
countries based on similar profiles of relative closeness/remoteness to the IFRS Profile. Specifically, three groups
are identified, that together comprise nine of the eleven 3Gs. The groups are (1) Most Remote, (2) Remote except
for Transparency, and (3) Less Remote with Professionalism. These groups are illustrated in Table 14. Dimensions
opposite to the IFRS profile are shaded.
Table 14: 3G Country Grouping Based on Similarity of Accounting Value Profiles
3G Index Group 1 Most Remote from IFRS
0.39 Bangladesh Statutory Control Uniformity Conservatism Secrecy
0.37 Egypt Statutory Control Uniformity Conservatism Secrecy
0.25 Nigeria Statutory Control (-) Uniformity Conservatism (-) Secrecy
3G Index Group 2 Remote from IFRS but Exhibiting Transparency
0.70 Indonesia Statutory Control Uniformity Conservatism Transparency
0.58 Iraq Statutory Control Uniformity Conservatism Transparency
3G Index Group 3 Less Remote from IFRS and Exhibiting Professionalism
0.63
Philippines Professionalism Uniformity (-)
Conservatism/
Optimism
Secrecy
0.33 Sri Lanka Professionalism Uniformity (-) Conservatism Secrecy
0.86
Viet Nam Professionalism (-) Uniformity (-)
Conservatism/
Optimism
Secrecy
0.81
China
Professionalism/
Statutory Control
Uniformity(-)
Conservatism/
Optimism
Secrecy (-)
India is closest to the IFRS Profile of the eleven 3G countries, with positions on each of the Gray
accounting dimensions to some degree closer to IFRS. Mongolia is next closest to the IFRS Profile in that it has, to
some degree, three out of four positions closer to IFRS, which is illustrated in Table 15.
Table 15: India and Mongolia
India 0.71 Professionalism Flexibility/Uniformity Optimism/Conservatism Transparency/Secrecy
Mongolia 0.63 Statutory Control Flexibility Optimism/Conservatism Transparency
India exhibits the closest culturally-based accounting values to IFRS. Mongolia exhibits the next closest
characteristics, yet the narrow and very young age group and different timing of the Mongolia survey using
Hofstede’s standard questionnaire raises doubts about whether these results are truly representative of the
Mongolian business population. If an older or mixed survey sample had been used, one might have expected results
similar to former Soviet Central Asian republics like Kazakhstan or Uzbekistan, which, when translated into Gray
accounting value dimensions, look the same as the profile for Russia and opposite to the IFRS profile.
Table 13: Profiles for United States and Russia Compared with IFRS Favorable Profile
3G Country/ Individual Country Profile IFRS Favorable Profile
United States Professionalism
Optimism
Flexibility
Transparency
Professionalism
Optimism
Flexibility
Transparency
Russia Statutory control
Conservatism
Uniformity
Secrecy
Professionalism
Optimism
Flexibility
Transparency
The accounting value profiles of the United States and Russia are completely opposite from one another,
with the profile of the former being identical with the IFRS-favorable profile and that of the latter being the
complete opposite. The profiles for the 3Gs include examples of Russia’s profile and intermediate combinations of
values. India’s profile comes closest to that of the United States and the IFRS-favorable profile, with some degree
of greater proximity to the IFRS profile on all four of the Gray accounting values.
V. DISCUSSION
Gray Dimensions and the 3G countries
The profiles of Gray accounting value dimensions derived for the 3Gs suggest certain groupings of
countries based on similar profiles of relative closeness/remoteness to the IFRS Profile. Specifically, three groups
are identified, that together comprise nine of the eleven 3Gs. The groups are (1) Most Remote, (2) Remote except
for Transparency, and (3) Less Remote with Professionalism. These groups are illustrated in Table 14. Dimensions
opposite to the IFRS profile are shaded.
Table 14: 3G Country Grouping Based on Similarity of Accounting Value Profiles
3G Index Group 1 Most Remote from IFRS
0.39 Bangladesh Statutory Control Uniformity Conservatism Secrecy
0.37 Egypt Statutory Control Uniformity Conservatism Secrecy
0.25 Nigeria Statutory Control (-) Uniformity Conservatism (-) Secrecy
3G Index Group 2 Remote from IFRS but Exhibiting Transparency
0.70 Indonesia Statutory Control Uniformity Conservatism Transparency
0.58 Iraq Statutory Control Uniformity Conservatism Transparency
3G Index Group 3 Less Remote from IFRS and Exhibiting Professionalism
0.63
Philippines Professionalism Uniformity (-)
Conservatism/
Optimism
Secrecy
0.33 Sri Lanka Professionalism Uniformity (-) Conservatism Secrecy
0.86
Viet Nam Professionalism (-) Uniformity (-)
Conservatism/
Optimism
Secrecy
0.81
China
Professionalism/
Statutory Control
Uniformity(-)
Conservatism/
Optimism
Secrecy (-)
India is closest to the IFRS Profile of the eleven 3G countries, with positions on each of the Gray
accounting dimensions to some degree closer to IFRS. Mongolia is next closest to the IFRS Profile in that it has, to
some degree, three out of four positions closer to IFRS, which is illustrated in Table 15.
Table 15: India and Mongolia
India 0.71 Professionalism Flexibility/Uniformity Optimism/Conservatism Transparency/Secrecy
Mongolia 0.63 Statutory Control Flexibility Optimism/Conservatism Transparency
India exhibits the closest culturally-based accounting values to IFRS. Mongolia exhibits the next closest
characteristics, yet the narrow and very young age group and different timing of the Mongolia survey using
Hofstede’s standard questionnaire raises doubts about whether these results are truly representative of the
Mongolian business population. If an older or mixed survey sample had been used, one might have expected results
similar to former Soviet Central Asian republics like Kazakhstan or Uzbekistan, which, when translated into Gray
accounting value dimensions, look the same as the profile for Russia and opposite to the IFRS profile.
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