Insecure wild populations can be augmented using captive bred individuals. The nene (Hawaiian goose) has been subject to a long program of augmentation from captivity, as its wild population does not appear to be self-sustaining (Black 1995). Such programs may be counterproductive in the long run if the captive population adapts to reproduction in captivity, and its reproductive ability in the wild is reduced.This is clearly a problem in fish where long-term captive populations, used to stock wild habitats, have lower reproductive fitness in the wild than residents (Hindar et al. 1991). Genetic adaptation to captivity is considered in Chapter 18.