There is some evidence that leaders tend to be a bit taller, more intelligent, and
more enthusiastic and to have greater self-confidence and social participation than
nonleaders (Berleson and Steiner, 1964; Smith and Cook, 1973; Sorrentino, 1973;
Zigon and Cannon, 1974). However, it is impossible to predict and to use this
information in selecting and training leaders. For example, it has been repeatedly
demonstrated that the person who does most of the talking (greater social partic-
ipation) becomes the leader, unlas he or she talks so much that he or she antag-
onizes other group members (Sung, 1973). An intelligent student may be a leader,
unless he or she gets all A‘s and is viewed as a “curve wrecker” (scores so high
that other students get a lower grade by comparison); then he or she becomes an
outcast (Davie and Hare, 1956) .