Our study is strengthened by the prospective design, the large sample size, the young age , the ability to observe tobacco reinitiation after a period of forced abstinence in basic military training , and high representation of minorities and individuals with low incomes. Our study is limited because it uses a military population with only 1 year of follow-up. Furthermore, because our study involved forced tobacco abstinence , abstinence , our finding may not apply to population of smokers presenting for treatment. It is also important to note that our study participants were military personnel who tended to be predominantly young. Male, from lower-income families , and predominantly racial / ethnic minorities. Whether our findings generalize to a civilian population is unknow and should be the focus of additional research. However , our study result were consistent with results of other studies in the literature that have used civilian samples.