2.3.5 Process management. Process management emphasizes structured continuous
improvement efforts performed by teams such as Kaizen, work center methods and
operator-controlled processes to enhance operations of manufacturing firms (Kasul and
Motwani, 1995; Deming, 1981). Likewise, efficiency and quality in service industries
would be ensured by standardization and formalization of tasks (Levitt, 1972, 1976;
Chakrabarty et al., 2007).