Promoters regulate the temporal and spatial gene expression,and provide an essential molecular tool for applications in plant genetic engineering.
Commonly known constitutive promoters such as cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter(CaMV35S) or the Rubisco small subunit promoter (RbcS) are often used to establish transgenic plants in multiple species, but theseeasily lead to undesirable phenotypes like growth inhibition, disturbed physiology and yield loss.
cauliflower mosaic virus