The experimental evaluation of carotenoids is becoming increasingly common. Epidemiologic studies indicate that an
intake of fruits and vegetables that contain carotenoids is associated with a decreased risk of many types of
cancer including lung, breast and those affecting the gastrointestinal tract (Block et al. 1992, Mayne 1996, Steinmetz and
Potter 1996), a decreased risk of cardiovascular disease (Kohlmeier and Hastings 1995), a decreased incidence of
age-related macular degeneration (AMD)4 (Snodderly 1995) and a decreased incidence of xeropthalmia in areas with low
preformed vitamin A (VA) intake (Fawzi et al. 1993). Consumption of certain fruits and vegetables has also been asso-
ciated with a decreased risk of prostate cancer (Giovannucci et al. 1995), and b-carotene (bC) supplementation has been
shown to enhance natural killer cell activity in elderly men (Santos et al. 1996). In contrast, it has been reported that
supplementation of bC either with or without VA to high risk populations may increase the risk of lung cancer (Albanes et
al. 1996, Omenn et al. 1996).
The experimental evaluation of carotenoids is becoming increasingly common. Epidemiologic studies indicate that anintake of fruits and vegetables that contain carotenoids is associated with a decreased risk of many types ofcancer including lung, breast and those affecting the gastrointestinal tract (Block et al. 1992, Mayne 1996, Steinmetz andPotter 1996), a decreased risk of cardiovascular disease (Kohlmeier and Hastings 1995), a decreased incidence ofage-related macular degeneration (AMD)4 (Snodderly 1995) and a decreased incidence of xeropthalmia in areas with lowpreformed vitamin A (VA) intake (Fawzi et al. 1993). Consumption of certain fruits and vegetables has also been asso-ciated with a decreased risk of prostate cancer (Giovannucci et al. 1995), and b-carotene (bC) supplementation has beenshown to enhance natural killer cell activity in elderly men (Santos et al. 1996). In contrast, it has been reported thatsupplementation of bC either with or without VA to high risk populations may increase the risk of lung cancer (Albanes etal. 1996, Omenn et al. 1996).
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