Examples of such high complexity systems are those
which comprise components such as micro actuation systems (valves, pumps, etc) and fluid storage reservoirs coupled
with microfluidics, while the device can also require complex surface modifications (e.g bonding, bio-fouling
coatings, etc) and the binding of organic biorecognition elements on a single chip. Many traditional fabrication
methods used to create micro and nano scale structures, such as lithographical techniques, do not translate well into
large scale production. Additionally, backend processes (assembly, bonding, surface modifications, etc) and quality
control at large scales volumes can contribute up to 80% of total production costs [8]. Therefore high complexity
research based methodologies are generally at odds with what production and manufacturing personnel would see as
satisfactory, where it is more desirable to reduce complexity to the bare minimum.