NaF precursor is not consumed during CIGS
growth, such as at lower deposition temperatures or large
NaF thicknesses. The adhesion issues limit the amount of
Na supplied from NaF to lower than that supplied by soda-
lime glass. Climax Molybdenum Technology Center has
developed sodium-containing molybdenum (MONA) that
eliminates the need to extract Na from glass. We have
produced solar cells with 16.6% efficiency