Adam read in a slow rate and a monotone tone, where he would not pay attention to punctuation or phrasing; thus defining his reading as word–by-word reading.
Since his word attack skills were weak, he struggled with sounding out words that were not automatic, so his reading sounded choppy. Unlike Gretchen, he struggled with both single and multi-syllabic words, and would either substitute or omit the word if he did not
know it automatically.