limitations of anthropometry
1. inter-observers errors in measurement.
2. limited nutritional diagnosis.
3. problem with reference standards,i.e. local versus international standards.
4. arbitrary statistical cut-off levels for what considered as abnormal values
initial laboratory assessment
1. hemoglobin estimation is the most important test&useful index of the overall state of nutrition. beside anemia it also tells about protein&trace element nutrition.
2. stool examination for the presence of ova and or intestinal parasites.
3. urine dipstick & microscopy for albumin,sugar and blood.
specific lab tests
1. measurement of individual nutrient in body fluids
2. detection of abnormal amount of metabolites in the urine.
3. analysis of hair,nails & skin for micro-nutrients.
clinical assessment
1. it is an assential features of all nutritional surveys.
2. it is the simplest&most practical method of ascertaining the nutritional status of a group of individuals.
3. it utilizes a number of physical signs, that are known to be associated with malnutrition and deficiency of vitaminsµnutrients.
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1.good nutritional history should be obtained.
2.general clinical examination,with special attention to organs like hair,angles of the mouth,gums,nails,skin,eyes,tongue,mescles,bones&thyroid gland.
3.detection of relevant signs helps in establishing the nutritional diagnosis.
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1. advantages
*fast&easy to perform
*inexpensive
*non-invasive
2.limitation
*did not detect early cases.
เว้น2สไลด์
clinical signs of nutritional deficiency
thyroid gland
*in mountainous areas and far from sea places goiter is a reliable sign of iodine deficiency.
dietary assessment
*nutritional intake of humans is assessed by five different method. there are
1. 24 hours dietary recall
-a trained interviewer asks the subject to recall all food&drink taken in the previous 24 hours.
-it is quick,easy&depends on short-term memory,but may not be truly representative of the person's usual intake.
2. food frequency questionnaire
- in this method the subject is given a list of around 100 food items to indicate his or her intake per day,per week&per month.
- inexpensive,more representative&easy to use.
- limitation: *long questionnaire. *errors with estimating serving size. *needs updating with new commercial food products to keep pace with changing dietary habits.
3. dietary history
- it is an accurate method for assessing the nutritional status.
-the information should be collected by a trained interviewer.
- details about usual intake,types,amount,frequency&timing needs to be obtained.
- cross-checking to verify data is important.
4.food diary
- food intake should be recorded by the subject at the time of consumption.
- the length of the collection period range between 1-7 days.
-reliable but difficult to maintain.
5. observed food consumption
- the most unused method in clinical practice,but it is recommended for research purposes.
-the meal eaten by the individual is weighed and contents are exactly calculated.
-the methd is characterized by having a high degree of accuracy but expensive&needs time&efforts.
interpretation of dietary data
1.qualitative method
-using the food pyramid&the basic food groups method.
-different nutrients are classified into 5 groups.
-determine the number of serving from each group&compare it with minimum requirement.
2.quantitative method
-the amount of energy&specific nutrients in each food consumes can be calculated using food composition tables&then compare it with the recommended daily intake.
-evaluation by this method is expensive&time consuming,unless computing facilities are available.
advantages of biochemical method
1. it is useful in detecting early changes in body metabolism&nutrition before the appearance of overt clinical signs.
2.it is precise,accurate and reproducible.
3. useful to validate data obtained from dietary method e.g. comparing salt intake with 24-hour urinary excretion.
limitations of biochemical method
1.time consuming
2. expensive
3. they cannot be applied on large scale
4.need trained personnel&facilities
limitations of anthropometry1. inter-observers errors in measurement.2. limited nutritional diagnosis.3. problem with reference standards,i.e. local versus international standards.4. arbitrary statistical cut-off levels for what considered as abnormal valuesinitial laboratory assessment1. hemoglobin estimation is the most important test&useful index of the overall state of nutrition. beside anemia it also tells about protein&trace element nutrition.2. stool examination for the presence of ova and or intestinal parasites.3. urine dipstick & microscopy for albumin,sugar and blood.specific lab tests1. measurement of individual nutrient in body fluids2. detection of abnormal amount of metabolites in the urine.3. analysis of hair,nails & skin for micro-nutrients.clinical assessment1. it is an assential features of all nutritional surveys.2. it is the simplest&most practical method of ascertaining the nutritional status of a group of individuals.3. it utilizes a number of physical signs, that are known to be associated with malnutrition and deficiency of vitaminsµnutrients./21.good nutritional history should be obtained.2.general clinical examination,with special attention to organs like hair,angles of the mouth,gums,nails,skin,eyes,tongue,mescles,bones&thyroid gland. 3.detection of relevant signs helps in establishing the nutritional diagnosis./31. advantages*fast&easy to perform*inexpensive*non-invasive2.limitation*did not detect early cases.เว้น2สไลด์clinical signs of nutritional deficiencythyroid gland*in mountainous areas and far from sea places goiter is a reliable sign of iodine deficiency.dietary assessment*nutritional intake of humans is assessed by five different method. there are1. 24 hours dietary recall-a trained interviewer asks the subject to recall all food&drink taken in the previous 24 hours.-it is quick,easy&depends on short-term memory,but may not be truly representative of the person's usual intake.2. food frequency questionnaire- in this method the subject is given a list of around 100 food items to indicate his or her intake per day,per week&per month.- inexpensive,more representative&easy to use.- limitation: *long questionnaire. *errors with estimating serving size. *needs updating with new commercial food products to keep pace with changing dietary habits.3. dietary history- it is an accurate method for assessing the nutritional status.-the information should be collected by a trained interviewer.- details about usual intake,types,amount,frequency&timing needs to be obtained.- cross-checking to verify data is important.4.food diary- food intake should be recorded by the subject at the time of consumption.- the length of the collection period range between 1-7 days.-reliable but difficult to maintain.5. observed food consumption- the most unused method in clinical practice,but it is recommended for research purposes.-the meal eaten by the individual is weighed and contents are exactly calculated.-the methd is characterized by having a high degree of accuracy but expensive&needs time&efforts.interpretation of dietary data1.qualitative method-using the food pyramid&the basic food groups method.-different nutrients are classified into 5 groups.-determine the number of serving from each group&compare it with minimum requirement.2.quantitative method -the amount of energy&specific nutrients in each food consumes can be calculated using food composition tables&then compare it with the recommended daily intake.-evaluation by this method is expensive&time consuming,unless computing facilities are available.advantages of biochemical method1. it is useful in detecting early changes in body metabolism&nutrition before the appearance of overt clinical signs.2.it is precise,accurate and reproducible.3. useful to validate data obtained from dietary method e.g. comparing salt intake with 24-hour urinary excretion.limitations of biochemical method1.time consuming2. expensive3. they cannot be applied on large scale4.need trained personnel&facilities
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