Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is classified as classic or intermediate. Twelve hours after birth, untreated neonates with classic MSUD have a maple syrup odor in cerumen; by 12-24 hours, elevated plasma concentrations of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) and allo-isoleucine, as well as a generalized disturbance of plasma amino acid concentration ratios; by age two to three days, ketonuria, irritability, and poor feeding; by age four to five days, deepening encephalopathy manifesting as lethargy, intermittent apnea, opisthotonus, and stereotyped movements such as "fencing" and "bicycling." By age seven to ten days, coma and central respiratory failure may supervene. Individuals with intermediate MSUD have partial BCKAD enzyme deficiency that only manifests intermittently or responds to dietary thiamine therapy; these individuals can experience severe metabolic intoxication and encephalopathy during sufficient catabolic stress.