1. Introduction
Over the last 60 years, a number of optimization techniques
have been developed and used in the structural optimization [1,2].
These techniques can be broadly divided into two groups: (i) gradient
based and (ii) direct search (stochastic or non-gradient based).
Since there are known difficulties in the application of gradientbased
techniques in structural optimization problems, direct search
techniques have gained popularity in recent years [2–7]. Direct
search techniques explore the design space by generating a number
of successive solutions to guide the algorithm to an optimal design.
Genetic algorithms [8–12], simulated annealing algorithms [13–16]
evolutionary programming [17] and evolutionary strategies [18]
are the most notable direct search optimization techniques used
in the solution of engineering problems. The main characteristic of
these algorithms is the imitation of biological and physical events
by evolving a good enough or near-optimal solution over a number
of successive iterations. These techniques do not require the
evaluation of gradients of objective and constraint functions, but
they do require a significant amount of computer power. In the
past, such techniques were considered impractical for design use
due to the limitations of earlier computers. Recent advancements
in computer hardware, especially in memory size and the speed of
personnel computers make direct search techniques more feasible
and practical.
1. Introduction
Over the last 60 years, a number of optimization techniques
have been developed and used in the structural optimization [1,2].
These techniques can be broadly divided into two groups: (i) gradient
based and (ii) direct search (stochastic or non-gradient based).
Since there are known difficulties in the application of gradientbased
techniques in structural optimization problems, direct search
techniques have gained popularity in recent years [2–7]. Direct
search techniques explore the design space by generating a number
of successive solutions to guide the algorithm to an optimal design.
Genetic algorithms [8–12], simulated annealing algorithms [13–16]
evolutionary programming [17] and evolutionary strategies [18]
are the most notable direct search optimization techniques used
in the solution of engineering problems. The main characteristic of
these algorithms is the imitation of biological and physical events
by evolving a good enough or near-optimal solution over a number
of successive iterations. These techniques do not require the
evaluation of gradients of objective and constraint functions, but
they do require a significant amount of computer power. In the
past, such techniques were considered impractical for design use
due to the limitations of earlier computers. Recent advancements
in computer hardware, especially in memory size and the speed of
personnel computers make direct search techniques more feasible
and practical.
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